If you could

again, if it was never about YOUR way or YOUR program, then you need to reevaluate your approach. because every post you have made has dripped with how much your way is the best and only way. i mean, if indeed WE misunderstood your points there is a reason why so many of us did. it's the approach. or is it like YOUR way in that all of us are the wrong ones in what we read in your posts and you alone are right?

What I see is a bunch of people who hold on to a perception that then clouds their thinking and makes them resist hearing information, so they "blame the messenger". 

If there's anything with my approach it is that in message board communication and time short, I write in a direct manner, not mincing words.  I find some people take affront to that online, but I don't take it personally.  In addition, people may find that when one has convictions that that is too opinionated for them.  Well, to me, I'd rather have sound beliefs than be wishy washy.  I just read someone advocating WLS and I simply can't.  There's too many reasons why it's not a great choice for most people.  But no, instead we have to be supportive of every choice, even if that choice is a bad one.  Sounds like political correctness to me, and that too is unpalatable. Regardless, I never said anything about my way or the highway, but reiterated the result of information I had obtained from various sources (my trainer, the gym staff, and research) and complimented it by my personal experience. I'm sorry anyone was affronted, but that's their issue, not mine.  My whole point is that the research indicates that the most successful way for sustained weight loss is appropriate calories (not diet calories), intense and frequent exercise (not light), and that a diet free of starches offers satiety and the right calories to prevent screwing up one's metabolism. If sharing that information makes me "the bad guy" because it counters what others are doing or have done...whatever.  No skin off my back.  But when I read posts of "I'm hungry" or "I fell off the wagon" or anything where someone is miserable, I would be amiss if I didn't point out what I have learned--diets fail you more than you fail the diet.  The reason is simple.  If you're hungry--well, guess what, counter to the diet  industry, you should never feel hunger when losing weight.  Yes most people think otherwise--that's IMO misinformation.  So I share--sufficient protein and fiber will keep you full and you won't have to eat so few calories.  If you're falling off the wagon or binging, well guess what? The lack of protein and fiber is causing you to do that, not necessarily you.  When I read one poster ate some massive amounts of food--I wanted to share that if she ate like this, she'd avoid such binges because her body wouldn't send her mind the wrong signals. So, I'm the bad guy.  Whatever.  I know my intent. What I found most interesting with yesterday's drama was how easy it was for some to attack when I never did.  Oh...you've only lost 22 (25) lbs.  True, but I've never felt hunger and the weight loss is now consistent.  That's my experience.  Then I shared why it is that way and the information that substantiates it.  Then I was attacked with it being about my way.  Well it wasn't, it was about the research.  And then someone took stuff from my blog and made it as if t hat's what I post here.  Well my blog is about my experience.  But that was inapporpriate to drag over here.

Why don't people want to hear that?  I don't know.  The wall is inside them, not me.  All I know is that without a doubt I will reach goal and it won't be so hard.

"When I read one poster ate some massive amounts of food--I wanted to share that if she ate like this, she'd avoid such binges because her body wouldn't send her mind the wrong signals." You must be referring to me. If you are, then please stop talking as you know nothing about my situation. BTW, I've lost 50 pounds and I exercise just as intensely as you do. Peace out! XOXO.

JG,

This is the first post I've read of yours lately and I think you've missed the mark with people's comments.  It's not that they are focused on missreading you, they seem to be reading your comments the same as am I.  I read this yesterday and reread it with everyone's comments and my initial feelings haven't changed.  It sounds from this post alone like your preaching.  Maybe if you would have made a simple ideas post on what you are doing and why it would have been received differently.  BUT, from what I'm reading above it's preaching that your way is the only way.  In the end, people have to find what works for them whether it's going with WW, balanced diet, getting a trainer, or even WLS. 

It's great this is working for you, however, it truly isn't the only way.   Melinda

It's just not in my personality to preach.  I am, however, one who has convictions.  I study and learn and share that knowledge when I am sure of it. What I have done here is merely shared that this is my method, the benefits of it, and that unlike traditional means which often fail, this has a lesser failure rate and is also easier to do because one doesn't battle their metabolism or hunger. So what...I'm supposed to ignore the "I'm a failure" posts?  I don't think so.  I'd rather say what you're doing is failing you and here's why--if you ate enough and the right food, you won't likely fail. There are a lot of studies and books explaining why avoiding starches is effective for a variety of issues, including weight loss.  My sharing that perspective makes me a preacher?  I don't agree. Instead, I'm convinced that folks WANT to feel bad, whine, and fail.  Why?  Because that's the devil they know.   Since most approaches to diet have a 95% failure rate, why choose those approaches? Why fingerpoint at the person who says "Hmmm, it's not you, it's your method"?  Because it's easier?  It's called blameshifting/scapegoating. "Maybe if you would have made a simple ideas post on what you are doing and why it would have been received differently."  I have.  That's part of what started all the drama.  ; /

my only question is how do you know what each of our own individual methods are? and that they are failing? this is a journey. and we all didn't get here simply by just over eating. we all have emotional issues to work thru etc that got us to where we are. and those emotional issues are usually why we "crave", fall off the wagon and feel like failures. it's not our methods. no matter how good your plan is or how you lose the weight, it doesn't fix the emotional side.

My responses were not to everybody, but to the ones saying "I'm hungry."  "I'm failing".  To the emotional ones, my point was that eating higher protein and eliminating starches will aid emotional state and prevent emotional eating.  Let me repeat that, eating higher protein and eliminating starches has been shown to aid emotional state and prevent emotional eating.  That's why I've shared the info.

well i just couldn't ignore this one. i don't know what research you are reading, but this is pointedly untrue. carbs lead to production of serotonin, the neurotransmitter that elevates mood. many who binge eat are actually covering up a neurochemical imbalence - eating carbs (often what people binge on) increases serotonin in the synapses and reduces negative affect acting as a nutral antidepressant. actually, not eating enough carbs can have a disasterous affect on mood, especially if you are already prone to depression. protein may make you feel full but does absolutely nothing for emotional eating. lots of ways to deal with binge eating but eating protein is one treatment i have yet to find any scientific literature on. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2004/carbs.html http://www.myfoxkc.com/myfox/pages/News/Detail?contentId=507 5747&version=2&locale=EN-US&layoutCode=TSTY&pageId=3.5.1

The Low Mood Connection

Low-carb dieters are susceptible to mood swings, according to MIT researchers. The issue involves serotonin, the "feel good" brain chemical that elevates mood, suppresses appetite and acts as a natural tranquilizer.

In news released earlier this year, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Clinical Research Center reported that a lack of dietary carbohydrates causes the brain to stop regulating serotonin. Researchers discovered that serotonin is naturally produced only after consumption of carbohydrates in the form of sweets and starches.

In the 1970's, MIT professor Richard Wurtman and colleagues first showed that eating carbohydrates raises brain serotonin levels. Since then, additional studies at MIT, including those by Dr. Judith J. Wurtman, have explored the relationship between carbohydrates in the brain and their connection to mood and weight loss. Dr. Wurtman states in a February MIT press release that "When serotonin is made and becomes active in your brain, its effect on your appetite is to make you feel full before your stomach is stuffed and stretched." The researchers explain that people may still feel hungry after eating a large steak-their stomachs may be full but their brains may not be producing enough serotonin to shut off their appetites.

It's not unusual for people who are changing their eating patterns or embarking on any kind of diet to experience episodes of irritability. However, according to Psychology Today, many who are trying testing low-carbohydrate regimens are reporting unusually high feelings of anger, tension and depression. Dr. Wurtman claims that that it's a very well documented response-she calls it the "Atkins attitude". Dieters who have eliminated or reduced dietary carbohydrates may find that their low mood is combined with irritability if the diet is heavy on protein, and/or combined with a lack of energy if the diet is heavy on saturated fats.

Are certain people more susceptible to low mood? According to Wurtman, some people are "carbohydrate cravers" -- they tend to experience a change in their mood, usually in the late afternoon or early evening -- and they need to eat a certain amount of carbohydrates to keep their moods steady. And although both men and women can experience low mood when cutting carbs, women are more likely to feel the effects because they are known to have typically lower levels of serotonin in their brains than men.

Because of her research, Wurtman believes that low-carb diets may be dangerous for individuals who are already struggling with depression or bipolar disorder. In an Oxford study involving women, researchers did find that those who had a predisposition to mood disorders exhibited a measurable drop in mood when following a low-carb regimen, but reported that other subjects on the diet did not seem to be impacted.

Of course, the pharmaceutical solution to depression and mood disorders is the use of antidepressant drugs. These are designed to help regulate mood by keeping serotonin production active in the brain for extended periods, accomplished via an unnatural mechanism that prevents the cellular reuptake of the brain chemical (which is why most of these medications are known as "SSRIs", for "selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors"). St. Johns Wort is a popular herbal solution that also mimics the unnatural mechanism of SSRIs because the herb's active ingredient, hypericin, increases circulating levels of serotonin by also selectively preventing its cellular reuptake.

There are natural alternatives that can assist in regulating mood by playing a similar role as carbohydrates in serotonin production. Low-carb dieters who are experiencing low mood might consider taking specific vitamins that are known to help boost serotonin naturally. Important nutrients like selenium, several B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, folic acid, biotin, etc.), and vitamin D have been shown to help increase the enzyme supply that converts certain amino acids into serotonin.

<> Pointedly untrue?  Not from what I've read.  In summary (as I don't keep all my research to copy and paste, nor do I have time today), starches often feed into what many call an addictive feeling.  Some may call this carb addiction, but it seems this only happens from starches and not carbs from fruits and veggies.

I would also counter that "many who binge eat or emotional eat have a neurochemical imbalance."  Please back that up if you can.  I do agree that carbs have the seratonin component, but when you combine that with the addictive nature, it's often like people are self medicating and that it fuels the need to continue doing so..

However, from what I've read AND experienced, the satiety of protein combined with the removal of the addictive reaction to starches eliminates the emotional low that makes many think they need the starches to self medicate. Layman's explanation.

eh not worth my time going back and forth with you. i'll post my dissertation when i finish. whole sections on the idea of food as an addiction - very controversial - nowhere near being generally accepted by the scientific community.

want me to back it up? here are a few of my sources:

*Ahern, A. L., & Hetherington, M. M. (2006). The thin ideal and body image: An experimental

            study of implicit attitudes. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20, 338-342.

*American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4^th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC :Author.

*Berkowitz, R., Stunkard, A. J., & Stallings, V. A. (1993). Binge eating disorder in obese adolescent girls. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 699, 200-206.

Boschi, V., Siervo, M., D’Orsi, P., Margiotta, N., Trapanese, E., Basile, F., et al. (2003). Body composition, eating behavior, food-body concerns and eating disorders in adolescent girls. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism, 47, 284-293.

Britz, B., Siegfried, W., Ziegler, A., Lamertz, C., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. M., Remschmidt, H., et al. (2000). Rates of psychiatric disorders in a clinical study group of adolescents with extreme obesity and in obese adolescents ascertained via a population based study. International Journal of Obesity, 24, 1707-1714.

*Brownell, K. D. (2002). The environment and obesity. In C. G. Fairburn & K. D. Brownell (Eds.) Eating Disorders and Obesity: A Comprehensive Handbook (2^nd ed., pp. 433-438). New York: The Guilford Press

*Bulik, C. M., & Allison, D. B. (2002). Constitutional thinness and resistance to obesity. In C. G. Fairburn & K. D. Brownell (Eds.) Eating Disorders and Obesity: A Comprehensive Handbook (2^nd ed., pp.22-25). New York: The Guilford Press.

*Bulik, C. M., Sullivan, P.F., & Kendler, K. S. (2003). Genetic and environmental contributions

to obesity and binge eating. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 33, 293-298. 

*Caparrotta, L., &Ghaffari, K. (2006). A historical overview of the psychodynamic contributions          to the understandings of eating disorders. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 20, 175-196.

*Decaluwe, V., & Braet, C. (2003). Prevalence of binge-eating disorder in obese children and adolescents seeking weight-loss treatment. International Journal of Obesity, 27, 404-409.

*Decaluwe, V., Braet, C., & Fairburn, C. G. (2003). Binge eating in obese children and adolescents. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 33, 78-84.

*Dietz, W. H. (1998). Health consequences of obesity in youth: Childhood predictors of adult disease. Pediatrics, 101, 518-525.

*Eddy, K. T.,  Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Thompson-Brenner, H., Herzog, D. B., Brown, T. A., & Ludwig, D.S. (2007). Eating disorder pathology among overweight treatment-seeking youth: Clinical correlates and cross-sectional risk modeling. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2360-2371.

*Fairburn, C. G., Marcus, M. D., & Wilson, G. T. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for binge eating and bulimia nervosa: A comprehensive treatment manual. In C. G. Fairburn, & G. T. Wilson (Eds.) Binge eating: Nature, assessment, and treatment. (pp. 361-404). New York: The Guilford Press.

*Fowler, S. J., & Bulik, C.M. (1997). Family environment and psychiatric history in women with binge-eating disorder and obese controls. Behaviour Change, 14, 106-112.

*French, S. A., Story, M., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Downes, B., Resnick, M., & Blum, R. (1997). Ethnic differences in psychosocial and health behavior correlates of dieting, purging, and binge eating in a population-based sample of adolescent females. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 22, 315-323.

Goodman, E., Slap, G. B., & Huang, B. (2003). The public health impact of socioeconomic status on adolescent depression and obesity. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1844-1850.

Goodman, E., & Whitaker, R. C. (2002). A prospective study on the role of depression in the development and persistence of adolescent obesity. Pediatrics, 109, 497-504.

Gortmaker, S. L., Must, A., Perrin, J. M., Sobol, A. M., & Dietz, W. H. (1993). Social and economic consequences of overweight in adolescence and young adulthood. New England Journal of Medicine, 329, 1008-1012.

*Graber, J. A., Brooks-Gunn, J., Paikoff, R. L., & Warren , M. P. (1994). Prediction of eating  problems: An 8-year study of adolescent girls. Developmental Psychology, 30, 823-834.

*Gustafson, T. B., & Sarwere, D. B. (2004). Childhood sexual abuse and obesity. Obesity

 

Reviews, 5, 129-135.

*Hedley, A. A., Ogden, C. L., Johnson, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., & Flegal, K. M. (2004). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291, 2847-50.

*Hesse-Biber, S., Leavy, P., Quinn, C. E., & Zoino, J. (2006). The mass marketing of disordered

eating and eating disorders: The social psychology of women, thinness and culture. Women’s Studies International Forum, 29, 208-224.

Hodges, E. L., Cochrane, C. E., & Brewerton, T. D. (1998). Family characteristics of binge-

            eating disorder patients. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 23, 145-151.

*Huon, G. F. (1994). Dieting, binge eating, and some of their correlates among secondary school girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 15, 159-164.

*Isnard, P., Michel, G., Frelut, M., Vila , G., Falissard, B., Naja, W., et al. (2003). Binge eating and psychopathology in severely obese adolescents. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 34, 235-243.

* , A. C., & Ivanova, M. Y. (2002). Global and dimensional self-esteem in preadolescent

and early adolescent children who are overweight: Age and gender differences. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 424-429.

*Janssen, I. , Craig, W., Boyce, W., & Pickett, W. (2004). Associations between overweight and obesity with bullying behaviors in school-aged children. Pediatrics 113, 1187-1194.

Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Kotler, L., Kasen, S., & Brook, J.S. (2002). Psychiatric disorders associated with the development of eating disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1119-1128.

Johnson, W. G., Rohan, K. J., & Kirk, A. A. (2002) Prevalence and correlates of binge eating in white and African American adolescents. Eating Behaviors, 3, 179-189.

*Keel, P. K., Heatherton, T. F., Harnden, J. L., &Hornig, C. D. (1997). Mothers, fathers, and daughters: Dieting and disordered eating. Eating Disorders, 5, 216-228.

* Latner, J. D., Rosewall, J. K., & Simmonds, M. B. (2007) Childhood obesity stigma:

Association with television, videogame, and magazine exposure. Body Image, 4,

147-155.

*Lissau, I. , & Sorensen, T. I. (1994). Parental neglect during childhood and increased risk of obesity in young adulthood. Lancet, 343, 324-327.

Littleton , H. L., & Ollendick, T. (2003). Negative body image and disordered eating behavior in children and adolescents: What places youth at risk and how can these problems be prevented? Clinical Child and Family Review, 6, 51-66.

*Marcus, M. D., & Kalarchian, M. A. (2003). Binge eating in children and adolescents. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 34, S47-S57.

*Martin, G. C., Wertheim, E. H., Prior, M., Smart, D., Sanson, A., & Oberklaid, F. (2000). A longitudinal study of the role of childhood temperament in the later development of eating concerns. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27, 150-162.

*McCabe, M.P., & Vincent, M.A. (2003). The role of biodevelopmental and psychological factors in disordered eating among adolescent males and females. European Eating DisordersReview, 11, 315-328.

*Mendelson, B., White, D., & Schliecker, E. (1995). Adolescents’ weight, sex, and family functioning. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 17, 73-80.

Mitchell, J. E., & de Zwann, M. (1993). Pharmacological treatments of binge eating. In C. G. Fairburn, & G. T. Wilson (Eds.) Binge eating: Nature, assessment, and treatment. (pp. 250-269). New York: The Guilford Press.

*Morgan, C. M., Yanovski, S. Z., Nguyen, T. T., McDuffie, J., Sebring, N. G., Jorge, M. R., et al. (2002). Loss of control overeating, adiposity, and psychopathology in overweight children. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 430-441.

Moyer, D. M., DiPietro, L., Berkowitz, R. I. , & Stunkard, A. J. (1997). Childhood sexual abuse and precursors of binge eating in an adolescent female population. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 21, 23-30.

*Mussell, M. P., Mitchell, J. E., Weller, C. L., Raymond, N. C., Crow, S. J., & Crosby, R.D. (1995). Onset of binge eating, dieting, obesity, and mood disorders among subjects seeking treatment for binge eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 17, 395-401.

Mustillo, S., Worthman, C., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., Angold, A., & Costello, E. (2003). Obesity and psychiatric disorder: Developmental trajectories. Pediatrics, 222, 851-859.

*National Institutes of Health (1998). Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: The evidence report. Retrieved August 20, 2006 from http://www.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/ob_gdlns.pdf.

*Neumark-Sztainer, D., Falkner, N., Story, M., Perry, C., Hannan, P., & Mulert, S. (2002). Weight-teasing among adolescents: Correlations with weight status and disordered eating behaviors. International Journal of Obesity, 26, 123-131.

*Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., Hannan, P. J., Beuhring, T., & Resnick, M. D. (2000).

Disordered eating among adolescents: Associations with sexual/physical abuse and other familial/psychosocial factors. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28, 249-258.

*Ogden, C. L., Flegal, K. M., Carroll, M. D., & Johnson, C. L. (2002). Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents 1999-2000. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 1728-1732.

*Pike, K. M., & Walsh, B. T. (1996). Ethnicity and eating disorders: Implications for incidence and treatment. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 32, 265-274.

Pine, C. J. (1985). Anxiety and eating behavior in obese and nonobese American Indians and White Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 774-780.

Pine, D., Cohen, P., Brook, J., & Coplan, J. (1997). Psychiatric symptoms in adolescence as predictors of obesity in early adulthood: A longitudinal study. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 1303-1310.

*Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (1993). Etiology of binge eating: Psychological mechanisms. In C. G. Fairburn, & G. T. Wilson (Eds.) Binge eating: Nature, assessment, and treatment. (pp. 173-205). New York: The Guilford Press.

*Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., Bulik, C. M., Tambs, K., & Harris, J. R. (2004). Genetic and environmental influences on binge eating in the absence of compensatory behaviors: A population-based twin study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 36, 307-314.

*Ross, H. E., & Ivis, F. (1999). Binge eating and substance use among male and female adolescents. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 26, 245-260.

Sands, S. H. (1989). Eating disorders and female development: A self-psychological perspective.

 In A. Goldberg (Ed.), Dimensions of self experience: Progress in self psychology.

(Vol. 5, pp. 75-103). Hillsdale, NJ : The Analytic Press.

Severi, F., Verri, A., & Livieri, C. (1993). Eating behaviour and psychological profile in childhood obesity. Advances in the Biosciences, 90, 329-336.

*Smolak, L. & Levine, M. P. (1996). Adolescent transitions and the development of eating problems. In L. Smolak, M. Levine, & R. Streigel-Moore (Eds.) The developmental psychopathology of eating disorders. (pp. 207-233). Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Spitzer, R. L., Devlin, M., Walsh, B. T., Hasin, D., Wing, R., Marcus, M., et al. (1992). Binge eating disorder: A multisite field trial of the diagnostic criteria. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 11, 191-203.

*Stice, E. (1999). Clinical implications of psychosocial research on bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder. Psychotherapy in Practice, 55, 675-683.

Stice, E. (2002). Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 825-848.

*Stice, E., Agras, W. S., & Hammer, L. D. (1999). Risk factors for the emergence of childhood eating disturbances: A five-year prospective study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 25, 375-387.

*Stice, E., Cameron, R. P., Killen, J. D., Hayward , C., & Taylor, C. B. (1999). Naturalistic weight reduction efforts prospectively predict growth in relative weight and onset of obesity among female adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 967-974.

*Stice, E., Presnell, K., & Spangler, D. (2002). Risk factors for binge eating disorder onset in adolescent girls: A 2-year prospective investigation. Health Psychology, 21, 131-138.

Stice, E., & Ragan, J. (2002). A preliminary controlled evaluation of an eating disturbance psychoeducational intervention for college students. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 159-171.

*Striegel-Moore, R. H. (1993). Etiology of binge eating: A developmental perspective. (In C. G.

            Fairburn, & G. T. Wilson (Eds.) Binge eating: Nature, assessment, and treatment.

(pp. 144-172). New York: The Guilford Press.

*Striegel-Moore, R. H., Dohm, F., Pike, K. M., Wilfley, D. E., & Fairburn, C. G. (2002). Abuse,

bullying, and discrimination as risk factors for binge eating disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1902-1907.

Striegel-Moore, R. H., Schreiber, G. B., Lo, A., Crawford, P., Obarzanek, E., & Rodin, J. (2000). Eating disorder symptoms in a cohort of 11 to 16-year-old Black and White girls: The NHLBI growth and health study. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27, 49-66.

*Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Yanovski, S. Z., Wilfley, D. E., Marmarosh, C., Morgan, C. M., & Yanovski, J. A. (2004). Eating-disordered behaviors, body fat, and psychopathology in overweight and normal-weight children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 53-61.

* Telch, C. F., Agras, W. S., & Linehan, M. M. (2001). Dialectical behavior therapy for binge eating disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 1061-1065.

Thompson, J. K., & Smolak, L. (Eds.). (2001). Body image, eating disorders, and obesity in

youth: Assessment, prevention, and treatment. Washington, DC : American Psychological Association.

*Tobin, D. L. (1993). Psychodynamic psychotherapy and binge eating. (In C. G. Fairburn, &

G. T. Wilson (Eds.) Binge eating: Nature, assessment, and treatment. (pp. 287-313). New York: The Guilford Press.

* Vandereycken, W. (1988). The addiction model in eating disorders: Some critical remarks and a selected bibliography. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 9, 95-101.

* Volkow, N. D., & Wise, R. A. (2005). How can drug addiction help us understand obesity? Nature Neuroscience, 8, 555-560.

*Wadden, T. A., Brownell, K. D., & Foster, G. D. (2002). Obesity: Responding to a global epidemic. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 510-525.

*Walker, G. (2002). The psychology of binge eating. In C. G. Fairburn & K. D. Brownell (Eds.) Eating Disorders and Obesity: A Comprehensive Handbook (2^nd ed., pp.98-102). New York: The Guilford Press.

* Wang, S. S., Brownell, K. D., & Wadden, T. A. (2004). The influence of the stigma of obesity on overweight individuals. International Journal of Obesity, 28, 1333-1337.

* Wang, G., Volkow, N. D., Logan, J., Pappas, N. R., Wong, C. T., Zhu, W., et al. (2001). Brain dopamine and obesity. Lancet, 357, 354-357.

*White, R. B., & Gilliland, R. M. (1975). The mechanisms of defense. In Elements of psychopathology: The ego and the mechanisms of defense. (pp. 35-96). New York : Grune & Stratton.

*Williamson, D. F., Thompson, T. J., Anda, R. F., Dietz, W. H., Felitti, V. (2002). Body weight and obesity in adults and self-reported abuse in childhood. International Journal of Obesity, 26, 1075-1082.

*Wiser, S., & Telch, C.F. (1999). Dialectical behavior therapy for binge-eating disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 755-768.

*Wilson, T. G. (1993). Binge eating and addictive disorders. In C. G. Fairburn, & G. T. Wilson (Eds.) Binge eating: Nature, assessment, and treatment. (pp. 97-120). New York: The Guilford Press.

 

*Womble, L. G., Williamson, D. A., & Martin, C. K., Zucker, N. L., Thaw, J. M., Netemeyer, R., Lovejoy, J. C., & Greenway, F. L. (2001). Psychosocial variables associated with binge eating in obese males and females. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 30, 217-221.

*Yanovski, S. Z., Nelson, J. E., Dubbert, B. K., & Spitzer, R.L. (1993). Association of binge eating disorder and psychiatric comorbidity in obese subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1472-1479.